{
  "meta": {
    "site_name": "Tariff Tracker",
    "tagline": "Every duty, every corridor, every effective date.",
    "updated": "2026-08-26",
    "next_review": "2026-08-27",
    "corridors_tracked": 29,
    "changes_ytd": 11,
    "rate_statutory": 11.0,
    "rate_statutory_source": "Yale Budget Lab",
    "rate_statutory_as_of": "2026-08-24",
    "rate_statutory_projection": 11.8,
    "rate_realized": 7.1,
    "rate_realized_source": "Penn Wharton Budget Model",
    "rate_realized_as_of": "2026-06-30",
    "rate_realized_baseline": 2.3,
    "rate_realized_baseline_as_of": "2025-01-31"
  },
  "authorities": [
    {
      "code": "232",
      "name": "Section 232",
      "act": "Trade Expansion Act of 1962",
      "basis": "National security",
      "applies": "By product, worldwide"
    },
    {
      "code": "301",
      "name": "Section 301",
      "act": "Trade Act of 1974",
      "basis": "Unfair foreign practice",
      "applies": "By country, after investigation"
    },
    {
      "code": "338",
      "name": "Section 338",
      "act": "Tariff Act of 1930",
      "basis": "Discrimination against US commerce",
      "applies": "By country and product"
    },
    {
      "code": "122",
      "name": "Section 122",
      "act": "Trade Act of 1974",
      "basis": "Balance of payments",
      "applies": "Worldwide, 150 day limit",
      "status": "expired"
    },
    {
      "code": "IEEPA",
      "name": "IEEPA",
      "act": "International Emergency Economic Powers Act",
      "basis": "Declared emergency",
      "applies": "Worldwide",
      "status": "struck down"
    }
  ],
  "programmes": [
    {
      "authority": "232",
      "title": "Steel and aluminium",
      "rate": "50%",
      "note": "General rate 50%. Reduced 25% available to firms with approved US onshoring plans.",
      "from": "2025-06-04",
      "status": "in force",
      "variations": [
        {
          "who": "United Kingdom",
          "rate": "25%",
          "why": "Exempted from the 4 June 2025 doubling, held at 25% pending negotiation."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "authority": "232",
      "title": "Copper",
      "rate": "50%",
      "note": "Semi finished products only. Raw and refined copper currently outside scope.",
      "from": "2025-08-01",
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "authority": "232",
      "title": "Passenger vehicles",
      "rate": "25%",
      "note": "General rate 25% on vehicles and parts. Medium and heavy duty vehicles from 1 November 2025. Most US auto imports do not pay the general rate.",
      "from": "2025-04-03",
      "status": "in force",
      "variations": [
        {
          "who": "European Union, Japan, South Korea",
          "rate": "15%",
          "why": "Negotiated rate on vehicles."
        },
        {
          "who": "United Kingdom",
          "rate": "10%",
          "why": "Vehicles and parts, under a 100,000 vehicle annual quota. Executive order of 16 June 2025."
        },
        {
          "who": "Canada and Mexico",
          "rate": "0% on US content",
          "why": "USMCA qualifying vehicles are effectively duty free on their US content."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "authority": "232",
      "title": "Lumber and wood furniture",
      "rate": "10% / 25%",
      "note": "Softwood lumber 10%, wood furniture 25%. The scheduled increases were pushed back a full year by the amendment of 9 January 2026.",
      "from": "2025-10-14",
      "status": "in force",
      "scheduled_change": "From 1 January 2027, upholstered furniture rises to 30% and kitchen cabinets and vanities to 50%. Originally set for 1 January 2026."
    },
    {
      "authority": "232",
      "title": "Advanced semiconductors",
      "rate": "25%",
      "note": "Far narrower than the name suggests. Logic integrated circuits inside specified performance and memory bandwidth bands only, with nine end use exceptions including data centres, research and development, repairs and consumer electronics. Semiconductor manufacturing equipment is not covered in this phase.",
      "from": "2026-01-15",
      "status": "in force"
    },
    {
      "authority": "232",
      "title": "Patented pharmaceuticals",
      "rate": "100% general",
      "note": "Annex III companies from 31 July 2026, all other companies from 29 September 2026. The general rate applies to a minority of the trade: four of the largest sources are at 15% and the United Kingdom pays nothing.",
      "from": "2026-07-31",
      "status": "phasing",
      "variations": [
        {
          "who": "European Union, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, Liechtenstein",
          "rate": "15%",
          "why": "Negotiated ceiling."
        },
        {
          "who": "United Kingdom",
          "rate": "0%",
          "why": "Tariff free for a minimum of three years. Agreed 1 December 2025, formally published 2 April 2026."
        },
        {
          "who": "13 companies in Annex II",
          "rate": "0%",
          "why": "Holders of HHS most favoured nation pricing agreements. Zero until 20 January 2029."
        },
        {
          "who": "Approved onshoring plans",
          "rate": "20%",
          "why": "Reduced rate for firms with an approved US onshoring plan. Zero where combined with an MFN pricing agreement."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "authority": "301",
      "title": "Forced labour tariff",
      "rate": "10% / 12.5%",
      "note": "60 economies, 99.4% of United States imports. 10% where the economy operates or has committed to a forced labour import prohibition, 12.5% where it has not. Goods entered duty free under USMCA are exempt.",
      "from": "2026-07-24",
      "status": "in force",
      "variations": [
        {
          "who": "Canada and Mexico",
          "rate": "Exempt",
          "why": "Goods entered duty free under USMCA are exempt. US Note 52."
        },
        {
          "who": "European Union, Taiwan",
          "rate": "Net of MFN to 10%",
          "why": "Charged only to the extent existing duty falls short of 10%."
        },
        {
          "who": "Japan, South Korea, Switzerland",
          "rate": "To 12.5% combined",
          "why": "Charged up to a ceiling rather than on top of existing duty."
        },
        {
          "who": "China",
          "rate": "12.5% additive",
          "why": "Aggregate Section 301 exposure reaches 37.5% on List 1 to 3 goods and 20% on List 4A goods."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "authority": "301",
      "title": "Brazil",
      "rate": "25%",
      "note": "Effective 12.01am ET on 22 July 2026, CBP CSMS 69302472. A large exemption list is set out in the Federal Register notice annexes. Stacks with the 12.5% forced labour layer for a potential 37.5%.",
      "from": "2026-07-22",
      "status": "in force"
    },
    {
      "authority": "338",
      "title": "Canada",
      "rate": "50%",
      "note": "First imposition of duties under Section 338 by any president. The three proclamations of 20 July 2026 set 19 August, then a proclamation of 18 August suspended the duties for three days to 12.01am ET on 22 August 2026. USMCA origin does not exempt. Roughly $20bn of annual imports, about 5.2% of the $382bn imported from Canada in 2025.",
      "from": "2026-08-22",
      "status": "in force"
    },
    {
      "authority": "122",
      "title": "Global surcharge",
      "rate": "10%",
      "note": "Statutory 150 day life under 19 USC 2132, with a 15% ceiling. The Court of International Trade invalidated it on 7 May 2026 as exceeding presidential authority; the government appealed on 8 May and obtained a stay on 12 May, so collection continued to expiry. Refunds with interest were ordered only for three named plaintiffs. Not truly global: USMCA qualifying goods and certain CAFTA-DR goods were carved out.",
      "from": "2026-02-24",
      "until": "2026-07-24",
      "status": "expired"
    },
    {
      "authority": "IEEPA",
      "title": "Reciprocal tariffs",
      "rate": "10% to 145%",
      "note": "Learning Resources v Trump, consolidated with Trump v V.O.S. Selections, decided 20 February 2026, six to three. The Court held that IEEPA does not authorise tariffs at all, which also removed the trafficking tariffs on Canada and Mexico, not only the reciprocal schedule.",
      "from": "2025-04-05",
      "until": "2026-02-20",
      "status": "struck down"
    }
  ],
  "de_minimis": {
    "status": "Suspended",
    "from": "2025-08-29",
    "note": "The $800 commercial de minimis exemption is suspended for all countries and was made indefinite by interim final rule effective 24 June 2026. The postal informal entry and delivered duty paid ceiling rose to $2,500 on 24 July 2026."
  },
  "countries": [
    {
      "slug": "canada",
      "name": "Canada",
      "code": "CA",
      "region": "Americas",
      "summary": "The most exposed corridor in the world right now. The United States became the first administration ever to use Section 338, and Canada answered within a week.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 50,
        "label": "Up to 50%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "338",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Dairy, motor vehicles, alcoholic beverages, wood, paper and hockey equipment. 554 subheadings, about $20bn of annual imports.",
            "from": "2026-08-22",
            "note": "Qualifying under USMCA does not exempt goods from this duty. The proclamations set 19 August, then a proclamation of 18 August suspended them for three days to 22 August 2026.",
            "fromShort": "22 Aug 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band because Canada operates a forced labour import prohibition.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "note": "USMCA originating goods are exempt from this layer.",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "0% to 25%",
            "scope": "Passenger vehicles and parts. USMCA qualifying vehicles are effectively duty free on their US content.",
            "from": "2025-04-03",
            "fromShort": "3 Apr 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 50,
        "label": "15% to 50%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "CA",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium, furniture and clothing.",
            "from": "2026-09-08",
            "fromShort": "8 Sep 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "CA",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Cheese, appliances and some seafood.",
            "from": "2026-09-08",
            "fromShort": "8 Sep 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "CA",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Electronics and tools.",
            "from": "2026-09-08",
            "fromShort": "8 Sep 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "Canada's counter measure covers roughly 700 products worth about $20bn, close to 4.5% of its imports from the United States.",
        "Ottawa paired it with a C$7.5bn support package including interest free loans of C$2.5m to C$5m with 36 month repayment deferral.",
        "Energy and potash sit outside the Section 338 scope.",
        "Canada’s counter measure is worth C$27.6bn, about US$20bn, which is a separate figure from the roughly US$20bn of Canadian goods caught by Section 338. The two numbers are close by coincidence."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "china",
      "name": "China",
      "code": "CN",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "The heaviest cumulative duty burden of any origin, and the quietest corridor politically. The truce holds to 10 November 2026.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 37.5,
        "label": "37.5% Section 301 aggregate",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Original Section 301 tariff on Chinese goods.",
            "from": "2018-07-06",
            "fromShort": "6 Jul 18"
          },
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, stacked on the original.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "note": "37.5% aggregate applies to List 1 to 3 goods. List 4A goods carry 7.5% plus 12.5%, so 20%. Check which list your commodity code sits on.",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Advanced semiconductors.",
            "from": "2026-01-15",
            "fromShort": "15 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "CN",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Retaliatory tariff on United States goods.",
            "from": "2025-03-04",
            "note": "Held at this level through 10 November 2026 under the United States and China agreement.",
            "fromShort": "4 Mar 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "The effective rate on Chinese origin goods, once MFN and Section 232 are counted, has been estimated at about 31.6%.",
        "The 10% Chinese retaliatory rate was negotiated around IEEPA tariffs the Supreme Court voided on 20 February 2026. The rate is in place, but the legal basis for the United States side of that bargain has been removed."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "european-union",
      "name": "European Union",
      "code": "EU",
      "region": "Europe",
      "summary": "Treated as a single origin. The forced labour tariff is charged net of existing duty, so well protected lines pay nothing extra and low duty lines carry the whole 10%.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10% net of MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "to 10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff charged only to the extent existing tariffs fall short of 10%. Goods already at or above 10% pay no additional duty.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Passenger vehicles. Negotiated rate, not the 25% general rate.",
            "from": "2025-04-03",
            "fromShort": "3 Apr 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Patented pharmaceuticals. Negotiated ceiling of 15%, not the 100% general rate.",
            "from": "2026-07-31",
            "fromShort": "31 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN, no blanket retaliation in force",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "EU",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "Common customs tariff applies. Announced counter measures remain suspended pending negotiation.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "The net of MFN mechanism means the effective additional burden varies line by line. Check the specific HS code rather than assuming a flat 10%."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "united-kingdom",
      "name": "United Kingdom",
      "code": "GB",
      "region": "Europe",
      "summary": "The best treated large economy in the schedule. Lower band on forced labour, and the only origin with a discounted steel rate.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%, pharmaceuticals free",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band, the United Kingdom operates a forced labour import prohibition.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Steel and aluminium. The United Kingdom is the sole origin at 25% rather than 50%.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Passenger vehicles and parts, under a 100,000 vehicle annual quota. Executive order of 16 June 2025.",
            "from": "2025-04-03",
            "fromShort": "3 Apr 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "0%",
            "scope": "Patented pharmaceuticals. The United Kingdom is tariff free for a minimum of three years.",
            "from": "2026-04-02",
            "note": "Agreed 1 December 2025, formally published 2 April 2026.",
            "fromShort": "2 Apr 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "UK Global Tariff, no retaliation",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "GB",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "UK Global Tariff applies. No retaliatory measures against United States goods.",
            "from": "2021-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 21"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "The £135 low value import relief is being withdrawn, removing the duty free route for small parcels into the United Kingdom.",
        "The UK Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism starts in January 2027 and will add a carbon price at the border on aluminium, cement, fertiliser, hydrogen, iron and steel."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "mexico",
      "name": "Mexico",
      "code": "MX",
      "region": "Americas",
      "summary": "USMCA still does most of the work. Qualifying goods clear at zero, non qualifying goods pick up the forced labour layer.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "0% USMCA, 10% otherwise",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. USMCA originating goods are exempt.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper. Applies regardless of USMCA origin.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "0% to 25%",
            "scope": "Passenger vehicles and parts. USMCA qualifying vehicles are effectively duty free on their US content.",
            "from": "2025-04-03",
            "fromShort": "3 Apr 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "USMCA preference",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "MX",
            "rate": "0%",
            "scope": "USMCA preferential treatment on qualifying United States goods.",
            "from": "2020-07-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jul 20"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "Origin documentation is now worth real money. The gap between USMCA qualifying and non qualifying is the whole duty."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "japan",
      "name": "Japan",
      "code": "JP",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Upper band on the forced labour tariff, charged to reach a 12.5% combined rate rather than added on top.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5% combined",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "to 12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff charged so that combined rates reach 12.5%.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Passenger vehicles. Negotiated rate, not the 25% general rate.",
            "from": "2025-04-03",
            "fromShort": "3 Apr 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Advanced semiconductors.",
            "from": "2026-01-15",
            "fromShort": "15 Jan 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Patented pharmaceuticals. Negotiated ceiling, not the 100% general rate.",
            "from": "2026-07-31",
            "fromShort": "31 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "JP",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "south-korea",
      "name": "South Korea",
      "code": "KR",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "KORUS still zero rates qualifying goods, but the forced labour tariff sits above the agreement at the upper band.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5% combined",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "to 12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff charged so that combined rates reach 12.5%.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Passenger vehicles. Negotiated rate, not the 25% general rate.",
            "from": "2025-04-03",
            "fromShort": "3 Apr 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Advanced semiconductors.",
            "from": "2026-01-15",
            "fromShort": "15 Jan 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Patented pharmaceuticals. Negotiated ceiling, not the 100% general rate.",
            "from": "2026-07-31",
            "fromShort": "31 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "KORUS preference",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "KR",
            "rate": "0%",
            "scope": "KORUS preferential treatment on qualifying United States goods.",
            "from": "2012-03-15",
            "fromShort": "15 Mar 12"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "india",
      "name": "India",
      "code": "IN",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Lower band on forced labour, but carrying a separate 25% country measure from September 2025 that has not been lifted.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 25,
        "label": "Up to 35%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Country specific measure on all goods.",
            "from": "2025-09-17",
            "fromShort": "17 Sep 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "IN",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No blanket retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "brazil",
      "name": "Brazil",
      "code": "BR",
      "region": "Americas",
      "summary": "Two separate Section 301 actions stacking to 37.5%, softened by an unusually large exemption list.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 37.5,
        "label": "Up to 37.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Separate country investigation. A large exemption list is set out in the Federal Register notice annexes.",
            "from": "2026-07-22",
            "note": "Roughly 1,200 proposed exemptions plus about 430 aircraft carve outs, nearly all retained in the final action. Check the annexes rather than relying on a round number.",
            "fromShort": "22 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "BR",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No blanket retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "Check the Federal Register annexes first. A large share of subheadings escape the 25% layer entirely."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "vietnam",
      "name": "Vietnam",
      "code": "VN",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Upper band on forced labour, and the main beneficiary of China diversion now carrying its own duty load.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Wood furniture.",
            "from": "2025-10-14",
            "fromShort": "14 Oct 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "VN",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "switzerland",
      "name": "Switzerland",
      "code": "CH",
      "region": "Europe",
      "summary": "Upper band on the forced labour tariff, charged to a 12.5% combined rate. Pharmaceuticals are capped at 15% by negotiation rather than the 100% general rate, which is the single most valuable line in this corridor.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5% combined",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "to 12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff charged so that combined rates reach 12.5%.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "15%",
            "scope": "Patented pharmaceuticals. Negotiated ceiling of 15%, not the 100% general rate. Still the dominant exposure on this corridor by value.",
            "from": "2026-07-31",
            "fromShort": "31 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "CH",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "Pharmaceuticals are excluded from the Section 301 forced labour tariff but caught squarely by Section 232."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "taiwan",
      "name": "Taiwan",
      "code": "TW",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Net of MFN treatment on forced labour, but the semiconductor measure is the number that matters here.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10% net of MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "to 10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff charged only to the extent existing tariffs fall short of 10%.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Advanced semiconductors. High performance chips only.",
            "from": "2026-01-15",
            "fromShort": "15 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "TW",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "turkey",
      "name": "Turkey",
      "code": "TR",
      "region": "Europe",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive, with heavy steel exposure.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "TR",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "indonesia",
      "name": "Indonesia",
      "code": "ID",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Lower band on forced labour, reflecting a partial forced labour regime.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Wood furniture.",
            "from": "2025-10-14",
            "fromShort": "14 Oct 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "ID",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "malaysia",
      "name": "Malaysia",
      "code": "MY",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Lower band, with semiconductor exposure the line to watch.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Advanced semiconductors.",
            "from": "2026-01-15",
            "fromShort": "15 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "MY",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "thailand",
      "name": "Thailand",
      "code": "TH",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "25%",
            "scope": "Wood furniture.",
            "from": "2025-10-14",
            "fromShort": "14 Oct 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "TH",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "bangladesh",
      "name": "Bangladesh",
      "code": "BD",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Lower band. Apparel is the corridor, and apparel is not exempt.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "BD",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": [
        "MFN duty on apparel is already high, so the additive 10% lands on top of an expensive baseline."
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "cambodia",
      "name": "Cambodia",
      "code": "KH",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Lower band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "KH",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "pakistan",
      "name": "Pakistan",
      "code": "PK",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Lower band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "PK",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "sri-lanka",
      "name": "Sri Lanka",
      "code": "LK",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Lower band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "LK",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "argentina",
      "name": "Argentina",
      "code": "AR",
      "region": "Americas",
      "summary": "Lower band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 10,
        "label": "10%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "10%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Lower band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "AR",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "colombia",
      "name": "Colombia",
      "code": "CO",
      "region": "Americas",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "CO",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "chile",
      "name": "Chile",
      "code": "CL",
      "region": "Americas",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive. Copper is the exposure that matters.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Semi finished copper. Raw and refined copper currently outside scope.",
            "from": "2025-08-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Aug 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "CL",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "israel",
      "name": "Israel",
      "code": "IL",
      "region": "Middle East",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "IL",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "saudi-arabia",
      "name": "Saudi Arabia",
      "code": "SA",
      "region": "Middle East",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "SA",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "nigeria",
      "name": "Nigeria",
      "code": "NG",
      "region": "Africa",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "NG",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "egypt",
      "name": "Egypt",
      "code": "EG",
      "region": "Africa",
      "summary": "Upper band, additive.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5%",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "MFN",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "EG",
            "rate": "MFN",
            "scope": "No retaliatory measures in force.",
            "from": "2026-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 26"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "russia",
      "name": "Russia",
      "code": "RU",
      "region": "Europe",
      "summary": "Upper band on paper. In practice sanctions and the suspension of permanent normal trade relations do the work.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 12.5,
        "label": "12.5% plus sanctions regime",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "301",
            "rate": "12.5%",
            "scope": "Forced labour tariff, additive. Upper band.",
            "from": "2026-07-24",
            "fromShort": "24 Jul 26"
          },
          {
            "authority": "PNTR",
            "rate": "Column 2",
            "scope": "Permanent normal trade relations suspended since 2022. Most imports restricted or prohibited.",
            "from": "2022-04-08",
            "fromShort": "8 Apr 22"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "Restricted",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "RU",
            "rate": "n/a",
            "scope": "Trade largely restricted in both directions.",
            "from": "2022-04-08",
            "fromShort": "8 Apr 22"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    },
    {
      "slug": "australia",
      "name": "Australia",
      "code": "AU",
      "region": "Asia Pacific",
      "summary": "Outside the forced labour investigation. AUSFTA still zero rates qualifying goods.",
      "inbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "0% AUSFTA, Section 232 applies",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "232",
            "rate": "50%",
            "scope": "Steel, aluminium and copper. Applies regardless of AUSFTA origin.",
            "from": "2025-06-04",
            "fromShort": "4 Jun 25"
          }
        ]
      },
      "outbound": {
        "headline": 0,
        "label": "AUSFTA preference",
        "layers": [
          {
            "authority": "AU",
            "rate": "0%",
            "scope": "AUSFTA preferential treatment on qualifying United States goods.",
            "from": "2005-01-01",
            "fromShort": "1 Jan 05"
          }
        ]
      },
      "notes": []
    }
  ],
  "changes": [
    {
      "id": "2026-08-25-canada-retaliation",
      "date": "2026-08-25",
      "effective": "2026-09-08",
      "actor": "Canada",
      "target": "United States",
      "direction": "retaliation",
      "authority": "CA",
      "severity": "increase",
      "title": "Canada answers Section 338 with dollar for dollar counter tariffs",
      "summary": "Canada imposed duties of 15%, 25% and 50% across roughly 700 products worth C$27.6bn, about US$20bn, close to 4.5% of its imports from the United States. Steel, aluminium, furniture and clothing take 50%. Cheese, appliances and some seafood take 25%. Electronics and tools take 15%. A C$7.5bn support package for affected businesses accompanies the measure, on top of roughly C$25bn already provided.",
      "source": "https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2026/08/canada-announces-targeted-countermeasures-and-substantive-support-for-workers-and-businesses-in-response-to-us-tariffs.html",
      "source_name": "Department of Finance Canada",
      "note": "The C$27.6bn Canadian figure and the roughly US$20bn of Canadian goods caught by Section 338 are close by coincidence. They are different currencies measuring different trade flows in opposite directions."
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-08-22-section-338-canada",
      "date": "2026-08-22",
      "effective": "2026-08-22",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "Canada",
      "direction": "imposition",
      "authority": "338",
      "severity": "increase",
      "title": "First ever use of Section 338 puts 50% on Canadian dairy, vehicles and alcohol",
      "summary": "Three proclamations cover 554 subheadings across dairy, motor vehicles, alcoholic beverages, wood, paper and hockey equipment, together about $20bn of annual imports or about 5.2% of the $382bn imported from Canada in 2025. The stated grounds are EU favourable dairy quota access, Canada's 25% retaliatory tariff on United States motor vehicles, and provincial boycotts of United States alcohol. Qualifying under USMCA does not exempt goods.",
      "source": "https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/trump-administration-imposes-50-tariffs-certain-canadian-products-first-use-section",
      "source_name": "White & Case",
      "note": "The three proclamations of 20 July 2026 set an effective date of 19 August. A further proclamation on 18 August suspended the duties for three days, moving the effective date to 12.01am ET on 22 August 2026. Much of the trade press still carries 19 August. Use 22 August."
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-07-31-pharma-232",
      "date": "2026-07-31",
      "effective": "2026-07-31",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "Worldwide",
      "direction": "imposition",
      "authority": "232",
      "severity": "increase",
      "title": "Section 232 pharmaceutical tariff begins phasing, at 100% only for some",
      "summary": "Annex III companies from 31 July 2026, all others from 29 September 2026. The 100% headline applies to a minority of the trade. The European Union, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are capped at 15%. The United Kingdom is tariff free for a minimum of three years. Thirteen companies holding HHS most favoured nation pricing agreements pay nothing until 20 January 2029, and an approved onshoring plan brings the rate to 20%.",
      "source": "https://www.crowell.com/en/insights/client-alerts/trump-administration-imposes-section-232-tariffs-on-patented-pharmaceutical-imports-tiered-rate-structure-takes-effect-beginning-july-31-2026",
      "source_name": "Crowell & Moring"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-07-24-section-301-forced-labour",
      "date": "2026-07-24",
      "effective": "2026-07-24",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "60 economies",
      "direction": "imposition",
      "authority": "301",
      "severity": "increase",
      "title": "Section 301 forced labour tariffs replace the expiring Section 122 surcharge",
      "summary": "Effective 12.01am on 24 July 2026, immediately after Section 122 expired. Seventeen economies including Canada, Mexico, India and the United Kingdom pay 10% additive because they operate or have committed to a forced labour import prohibition. The European Union and Taiwan pay net of MFN to reach 10%. Japan, Korea and Switzerland are charged to a 12.5% combined rate. All other investigated economies pay 12.5% additive. China's aggregate Section 301 exposure reaches 37.5%. Goods entered duty free under USMCA are exempt, which is the opposite of the Section 338 treatment and the most common point of confusion.",
      "source": "https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/fact-sheets/2026/july/fact-sheet-ustr-section-301-action-response-failure-60-economies-ban-imports-produced-forced-labor",
      "source_name": "USTR"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-07-24-section-122-expiry",
      "date": "2026-07-24",
      "effective": "2026-07-24",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "Worldwide",
      "direction": "expiry",
      "authority": "122",
      "severity": "decrease",
      "title": "Section 122 global 10% surcharge expires at its statutory limit",
      "summary": "Section 122 carries a hard 150 day life under 19 USC 2132 and cannot be renewed by proclamation. The Court of International Trade had already invalidated it on 7 May 2026, but the government appealed and obtained a stay on 12 May, so collection continued to expiry and refunds were ordered only for three named plaintiffs. The surcharge lapsed on 24 July 2026 and was replaced the same minute by the Section 301 forced labour tariff.",
      "source": "https://www.honigman.com/alert-3462",
      "source_name": "Honigman"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-07-24-postal-ddp",
      "date": "2026-07-24",
      "effective": "2026-07-24",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "Worldwide",
      "direction": "adjustment",
      "authority": "CBP",
      "severity": "decrease",
      "title": "Postal delivered duty paid threshold raised to $2,500",
      "summary": "The postal informal entry and delivered duty paid ceiling rose to $2,500. The $800 commercial de minimis exemption remains suspended and was made indefinite by interim final rule effective 24 June 2026. From 22 October 2026, Chapter 98 duty free claims, free trade agreement claims and goods regulated by partner government agencies become ineligible for the postal process.",
      "source": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/06/24/2026-12670/indefinite-suspension-of-the-de-minimis-exemption-for-merchandise-arriving-through-all-modes-other",
      "source_name": "Federal Register"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-07-22-brazil-301",
      "date": "2026-07-22",
      "effective": "2026-07-22",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "Brazil",
      "direction": "imposition",
      "authority": "301",
      "severity": "increase",
      "title": "25% Section 301 tariff on Brazil, with over 1,600 subheadings exempt",
      "summary": "A separate country investigation produced a 25% tariff on Brazilian goods, which then stacks with the 12.5% forced labour layer for a potential 37.5%. More than 1,600 HTS subheadings are exempted, so the exemption list is the first place to look.",
      "source": "https://zonos.com/docs/guides/us-tariff-changes",
      "source_name": "Zonos"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-05-07-cit-section-122",
      "date": "2026-05-07",
      "effective": "2026-05-07",
      "actor": "Court of International Trade",
      "target": "United States",
      "direction": "invalidation",
      "authority": "122",
      "severity": "decrease",
      "title": "Trade court strikes down the Section 122 surcharge, but collection continues",
      "summary": "The Court of International Trade held that the 10% surcharge exceeded the President’s authority under 19 USC 2132. The government appealed the following day and obtained a stay on 12 May, so importers kept paying to expiry. Refunds with interest were ordered for three named plaintiffs only. If you paid the surcharge and were not a plaintiff, you did not get it back.",
      "source": "https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2026/05/us-trade-court-strikes-down-section-122-tariffs",
      "source_name": "Skadden"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-02-24-section-122",
      "date": "2026-02-24",
      "effective": "2026-02-24",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "Worldwide",
      "direction": "imposition",
      "authority": "122",
      "severity": "increase",
      "title": "Section 122 10% global surcharge fills the gap left by IEEPA",
      "summary": "Four days after the Supreme Court invalidated the IEEPA reciprocal tariffs, a 10% global surcharge was imposed under Section 122 balance of payments authority, carrying a statutory 150 day limit from the outset.",
      "source": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/02/25/2026-03824/imposing-a-temporary-import-surcharge-to-address-fundamental-international-payments-problems",
      "source_name": "Federal Register"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-02-20-scotus-ieepa",
      "date": "2026-02-20",
      "effective": "2026-02-20",
      "actor": "Supreme Court",
      "target": "United States",
      "direction": "invalidation",
      "authority": "IEEPA",
      "severity": "decrease",
      "title": "Supreme Court strikes down the IEEPA reciprocal tariffs",
      "summary": "The Court held that IEEPA does not authorise tariffs at all, which removed the trafficking tariffs on Canada and Mexico as well as the reciprocal schedule running from a 10% baseline to a 145% peak on China. This is the pivot point of the whole story: every measure in force today rests on a different statute, chosen for its durability against challenge.",
      "source": "https://www.klgates.com/Summary-Supreme-Court-Decision-on-IEEPA-Tariffs-2-20-2026",
      "source_name": "K&L Gates"
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-01-15-semiconductors",
      "date": "2026-01-15",
      "effective": "2026-01-15",
      "actor": "United States",
      "target": "Worldwide",
      "direction": "imposition",
      "authority": "232",
      "severity": "increase",
      "title": "25% Section 232 tariff on advanced semiconductors",
      "summary": "Far narrower than the name suggests. Logic integrated circuits inside specified performance and memory bandwidth bands only, with nine end use exceptions including data centres, research and development, repairs and consumer electronics. Semiconductor manufacturing equipment is not covered in this phase.",
      "source": "https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/president-trump-orders-narrowly-targeted-25-section-232-tariff-certain-advanced",
      "source_name": "White & Case"
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "USTR, Section 301 forced labour fact sheet",
      "url": "https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/fact-sheets/2026/july/fact-sheet-ustr-section-301-action-response-failure-60-economies-ban-imports-produced-forced-labor"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federal Register, Section 122 import surcharge",
      "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/02/25/2026-03824/imposing-a-temporary-import-surcharge-to-address-fundamental-international-payments-problems"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federal Register, timber and lumber amendment",
      "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/09/2026-00327/amendments-to-adjusting-imports-of-timber-lumber-and-their-derivative-products-into-the-united"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federal Register, indefinite de minimis suspension",
      "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/06/24/2026-12670/indefinite-suspension-of-the-de-minimis-exemption-for-merchandise-arriving-through-all-modes-other"
    },
    {
      "name": "White House, pharmaceuticals proclamation",
      "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/04/adjusting-imports-of-pharmaceuticals-and-pharmaceutical-ingredients-into-the-united-states/"
    },
    {
      "name": "Troutman Pepper, three day suspension of the Section 338 duties",
      "url": "https://www.troutman.com/insights/three-day-suspension-of-section-338-additional-duties-on-canadian-imports/"
    },
    {
      "name": "White & Case, first use of Section 338",
      "url": "https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/trump-administration-imposes-50-tariffs-certain-canadian-products-first-use-section"
    },
    {
      "name": "Skadden, trade court strikes down Section 122",
      "url": "https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2026/05/us-trade-court-strikes-down-section-122-tariffs"
    },
    {
      "name": "K&L Gates, Supreme Court decision on the IEEPA tariffs",
      "url": "https://www.klgates.com/Summary-Supreme-Court-Decision-on-IEEPA-Tariffs-2-20-2026"
    },
    {
      "name": "Canada, Department of Finance countermeasures",
      "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2026/08/canada-announces-targeted-countermeasures-and-substantive-support-for-workers-and-businesses-in-response-to-us-tariffs.html"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yale Budget Lab, state of US tariffs",
      "url": "https://budgetlab.yale.edu/research/state-us-tariffs-scotus-ruling-update"
    },
    {
      "name": "Penn Wharton Budget Model, effective tariff rates",
      "url": "https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/p/2026-08-10-effective-tariff-rates-and-revenues-updated-august-10-2026/"
    },
    {
      "name": "Crowell, pharmaceutical tiered rate structure",
      "url": "https://www.crowell.com/en/insights/client-alerts/trump-administration-imposes-section-232-tariffs-on-patented-pharmaceutical-imports-tiered-rate-structure-takes-effect-beginning-july-31-2026"
    },
    {
      "name": "White & Case, narrowly targeted semiconductor tariff",
      "url": "https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/president-trump-orders-narrowly-targeted-25-section-232-tariff-certain-advanced"
    }
  ],
  "scheduled": [
    {
      "date": "2026-09-08",
      "who": "Canada",
      "what": "Counter tariffs of 15%, 25% and 50% on about 700 United States products take effect.",
      "authority": "CA"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-09-29",
      "who": "United States",
      "what": "Section 232 pharmaceutical tariff extends from Annex III companies to all other companies.",
      "authority": "232"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-10-22",
      "who": "United States",
      "what": "Chapter 98 duty free claims, free trade agreement claims and goods regulated by partner government agencies become ineligible for the postal process.",
      "authority": "CBP"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-11-10",
      "who": "United States and China",
      "what": "The date to which the United States committed to maintain its suspension of heightened reciprocal tariffs. The legal basis for the United States side was removed by the February ruling.",
      "authority": "301"
    },
    {
      "date": "2027-01-01",
      "who": "United States",
      "what": "Upholstered furniture rises to 30% and kitchen cabinets and vanities to 50%. Delayed a year by the amendment of 9 January 2026.",
      "authority": "232"
    },
    {
      "date": "2027-01-01",
      "who": "United Kingdom",
      "what": "The UK Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism starts, adding a carbon price at the border on aluminium, cement, fertiliser, hydrogen, iron and steel.",
      "authority": "GB"
    },
    {
      "date": "2029-01-20",
      "who": "United States",
      "what": "The zero pharmaceutical rate for holders of HHS most favoured nation pricing agreements ends.",
      "authority": "232"
    }
  ],
  "rate_series": {
    "title": "US statutory average tariff rate",
    "source": "Yale Budget Lab",
    "source_url": "https://budgetlab.yale.edu/research/state-us-tariffs-scotus-ruling-update",
    "points": [
      {
        "label": "Jan 2025",
        "v": 2.4,
        "kind": "actual",
        "note": "Before the programme began in earnest"
      },
      {
        "label": "Feb 2026",
        "v": 9.1,
        "kind": "actual",
        "note": "Immediately after the Supreme Court struck down the IEEPA tariffs"
      },
      {
        "label": "Apr 2026",
        "v": 11.0,
        "kind": "actual",
        "note": "Section 122 surcharge in force across all origins"
      },
      {
        "label": "Aug 2026",
        "v": 11.0,
        "kind": "actual",
        "note": "Section 301 forced labour tariff replaces Section 122"
      },
      {
        "label": "Dec 2026",
        "v": 11.8,
        "kind": "projected",
        "note": "Projection, not an observation"
      }
    ]
  }
}